Chapter 16
忘れ物
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CHAPTER 17 → |
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Chapter 16 Vocabulary
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① ～(て)あげる／もらう／くれるThese endings are used to express appreciation for a favor done for you or a member of your group. Recall how あげる, もらう andくれる function. The action in question must be conjugated in the te-form.
妹にお金を貸してあげました。 I lent my sister money. (Out of generosity) ナナミさんはヤスミンさんを駅に連れていってあげました。
In Japanese, ～（て）あげる indicates an action that you perform is done for the benefit of someone else. As a question, if you want to offer someone help, you turn the verb into volitional form, ～（て）あげましょうか.
友達が宿題を手伝ってくれます。 親戚がりんごを送ってくれました。
The difference between くれるand もらうis that もらうis used only when you are topic (marked with は), whereas くれるis used when anybody else is the topic.
私は友達が宿題を手伝ってもらいました。
② ～（て）いただけませんか There are many ways to make a request with varying degrees of politeness. This is different from using ください, as this instead hints that one doesn’t have to do it if they don’t want to, or less command-like. This is similar to “Can you..?”
くれませんか has rougly similar degree of politeness to ください.
③ ～といい To hope an action occurs for someone else, simply attach といい to the short form of the verb of said action. To hope an action to occur yourself, use ～といいんですが to give a sense of humbleness.
いいアルバイトが見つかるといいですね。 八時の電車に乗れるといいんだけど。
If an action is out of your control, it’s more appropriate to conjugate the verb into the potential form.
④ ～時時is used to describe when something happens or has happened.
Clause A is a time reference, and Clause B is the main event. If clause A is written in the present tense, then whatever happens in Clause B takes places before or at the same time as what happens in Clause A. This is because the present tense in Japanese constitutes both present and future implications.
チベットに行く時、ビザを取ります。 寂しい時、両親に電話します。
If Clause A is written in the past tense, then whatever happens in clause B takes place after what happens in Clause A. The tense of Clause B determines when the action occurs in relation to the present moment. Compare the sentences below:
中国に行った時、ウーロン茶を買います。 中国に行った時、ウーロン茶を買いました。
If clause A refers to a noun, it takes のbefore 時. If clause A refers to a な-adjective, it takes なbefore 時. For い-adjectives, the adjective remains unchanged before 時.
暇な時、テニスをします。 子供の時、毎日午後八時に寝なければいけませんでした。
If Clause A describes an ongoing action and Clause B happens to occur as the action of Clause A takes place, Clause A is conjugated in the present progressive form.
テレビを見ている時、友達から電話がありました。
⑤ ～（て）すみません（でした） To apologize to surperiors, you may form the te form of a verb and attachすみませんでした. More casually, you may use ～（て）ごめん（なさい）.
汚い言葉を作ってすみませんでした。 デートの予約を忘れてごめん。
If you believe that what you’re apologizing for still persists in the present moment, すみません works best. This works similarly to when using the past and present forms of ありがとうございます.
⑥ Abstract Nouns （～さ） & おごる Abstract Nouns In Japanese, い-adjectives can be turned intoth nouns when the ending i is replaced with sa. For example: 大きい (big) → 大きさ (size), 寂しい (lonely) → 寂しさ (loneliness), 優しい (kind) → 優しさ (kindness). Additionally, some na-adjectives can be given the same treatment. For example: 便利 (convenient) → 便利さ (convenience).
おごる An inferior form of おごる is ごちそうする. You would only do this to whoever treated you to a meal is a surperior. You can also see this in the phrase “ごちそうさまでした“ (Thank you for the meal).
起承転結 [きしょうてんけつ] describes the common structure of many classic Chinese, Korean, and Japanese narratives, similar to English’s introduction-conflict-climax-resolution. 起 (ki) is the introduction, 承 (shou) develops the story further, 転 (ten) reveals the twist and leads to 結 (ketsu), the conclusion. |
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Jayden Ferrara